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In recent decades, the increasing incidence of insecticide resistance pistachio shell has highlighted the need for a reliable method to assess the severity of resistance and the extent of its dispersion. Biometric method using pheromone traps is one of the acceptable methods to detect the susceptibility of Lepidoptera to insecticides. This method was first used by Riddle et al. (1985) to evaluate the susceptibility of apple butterfly moths to the insecticide Azinfus methyl. The bioassay method involves collecting a large number of male butterflies inside the trap and testing for resistance by contacting insecticides or by combining insecticides with glue.

Pheromones in Iranian pests

The most important advantage of using this bioassay method compared to other methods of resistance testing is that a large population of pests can be tested without incurring cost and time to raise larvae and increase pest population. One of the limitations of using this method is that the study of the phenomenon of resistance to gastrointestinal insecticides such as (Neonicotinoid, IGR) can not be evaluated (Mehrazin, 2009).